| Drug ID: | D297 |
| Drug Name: | Salbutamol |
| Synonyms: |
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| Type: | small molecule |
| DrugBank ID: |
DB01001
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| DrugBank Description: |
Salbutamol is a short-acting, selective beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma and COPD. It is 29 times more selective for beta2 receptors than beta1 receptors giving it higher specificity for pulmonary beta receptors versus beta1-adrenergic receptors located in the heart. Salbutamol is formulated as a racemic mixture of the R- and S-isomers. The R-isomer has 150 times greater affinity for the beta2-receptor than the S-isomer and the S-isomer has been associated with toxicity. This lead to the development of levalbuterol, the single R-isomer of salbutamol. However, the high cost of levalbuterol compared to salbutamol has deterred wide-spread use of this enantiomerically pure version of the drug. Salbutamol is generally used for acute episodes of bronchospasm caused by bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis and other chronic bronchopulmonary disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD). It is also used prophylactically for exercise-induced asthma.[Label,A174379,A174400]
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| PubChem ID: |
2083
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| CasNo: |
18559-94-9
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| Repositioning for NAFLD: |
Yes
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| SMILES: |
CC(C)(C)NCC(O)C1=CC(CO)=C(O)C=C1
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| Structure: |
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| InChiKey: |
NDAUXUAQIAJITI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| Molecular Weight: |
239.3107
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| DrugBank Targets: |
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor; Beta-1 adrenergic receptor; Beta-3 adrenergic receptor
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| DrugBank MoA: |
In vitro studies and in vivo pharmacologic studies have shown that salbutamol has a preferential effect on beta2-adrenergic receptors compared with isoproterenol.[Label,F3265,F3268] Although beta2 adrenoceptors are the predominant adrenergic receptors in bronchial smooth muscle and beta1 adrenoceptors are the predominant receptors in the heart, there are also beta2-adrenoceptors in the human heart comprising 10% to 50% of the total beta-adrenoceptors.[Label,F3265,F3268] The precise function of these receptors has not been established, but their presence raises the possibility that even selective beta2-agonists may have cardiac effects.[Label,F3265,F3268]
Activation of beta2-adrenergic receptors on airway smooth muscle leads to the activation of adenyl cyclase and to an increase in the intracellular concentration of cyclic-3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP).[Label,F3265,F3268] This increase of cyclic AMP leads to the activation of protein kinase A, which inhibits the phosphorylation of myosin and lowers intracellular ionic calcium concentrations, resulting in relaxation.[Label,F3265,F3268] Salbutamol relaxes the smooth muscles of all airways, from the trachea to the terminal bronchioles.[Label,F3265,F3268] Salbutamol acts as a functional antagonist to relax the airway irrespective of the spasmogen involved, thus protecting against all bronchoconstrictor challenges.[Label,F3265,F3268] Increased cyclic AMP concentrations are also associated with the inhibition of release of mediators from mast cells in the airway.[Label,F3265,F3268]
Salbutamol has been shown in most controlled clinical trials to have more effect on the respiratory tract, in the form of bronchial smooth muscle relaxation, than isoproterenol at comparable doses while producing fewer cardiovascular effects.[Label,F3265,F3268] Controlled clinical studies and other clinical experience have shown that inhaled albuterol, like other beta-adrenergic agonist drugs, can produce a significant cardiovascular effect in some patients, as measured by pulse rate, blood pressure, symptoms, and/or electrocardiographic changes.[Label,F3265,F3268]
A measurable decrease in airway resistance is typically observed within 5 to 15 minutes after inhalation of salbutamol.[Label,F3265,F3268] The maximum improvement in pulmonary function usually occurs 60 to 90 minutes after salbutamol treatment, and significant bronchodilator activity has been observed to persist for 3 to 6 hours.[Label,F3265,F3268]
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| DrugBank Pharmacology: |
Salbutamol (INN) or albuterol (USAN), a moderately selective beta(2)-receptor agonist similar in structure to terbutaline, is widely used as a bronchodilator to manage asthma and other chronic obstructive airway diseases.[Label,F3265,F3268] The R-isomer, levalbuterol, is responsible for bronchodilation while the S-isomer increases bronchial reactivity.[A174400] The R-enantiomer is available and sold in its pure form as levalbuterol and subsequently may produce fewer side-effects with only the R-enantiomer present - although this has not been formally demonstrated.[A174400]
After oral and parenteral administration, stimulation of the beta receptors in the body, both beta-1 and beta-2, occurs because (a) beta-2 selectivity is not absolute, and (b) higher concentrations of salbutamol occur in the regions of these receptors with these modes of administration.[Label,F3265,F3268] This results in the beta-1 effect of cardiac stimulation, though not so much as with isoprenaline, and beta-2 effects of peripheral vasodilatation and hypotension, skeletal muscle tremor, and uterine muscle relaxation.[Label,F3265,F3268]
Metabolic effects such as hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia also may occur, although it is not known whether these effects are mediated by beta-1 or beta-2 receptors.[Label,F3265,F3268] The serum potassium levels have a tendency to fall.[F3265]
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| DrugBank Indication: |
Salbutamol is indicated for (i) the symptomatic relief and prevention of bronchospasm due to bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, reversible obstructive airway disease, and other chronic bronchopulmonary disorders in which bronchospasm is a complicating factor, and/or (ii) the acute prophylaxis against exercise-induced bronchospasm and other stimuli known to induce bronchospasm.[Label,F3265,F3268]
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| Targets: |
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