Investigational Drug Details
| Drug ID: | D084 |
| Drug Name: | Acetaminophen |
| Synonyms: | |
| Type: | small molecule |
| DrugBank ID: | DB00316 |
| DrugBank Description: | Acetaminophen (paracetamol), also commonly known as _Tylenol_, is the most commonly taken analgesic worldwide and is recommended as first-line therapy in pain conditions by the World Health Organization (WHO).[A176318] It is also used for its antipyretic effects, helping to reduce fever.[F4124] This drug was initially approved by the U.S. FDA in 1951 and is available in a variety of forms including syrup form, regular tablets, effervescent tablets, injection, suppository, and other forms.[L5756,L5774,F4124,Label] Acetaminophen is often found combined with other drugs in more than 600 over the counter (OTC) allergy medications, cold medications, sleep medications, pain relievers, and other products.[L5783] Confusion about dosing of this drug may be caused by the availability of different formulas, strengths, and dosage instructions for children of different ages.[L5783] Due to the possibility of fatal overdose and liver failure associated with the incorrect use of acetaminophen, it is important to follow current and available national and manufacturer dosing guidelines while this drug is taken or prescribed.[L5786,L5789,Label] |
| PubChem ID: | 1983 |
| CasNo: | 103-90-2 |
| Repositioning for NAFLD: | Yes |
| SMILES: | CC(=O)NC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 |
| Structure: |
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| InChiKey: | RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| Molecular Weight: | 151.1626 |
| DrugBank Targets: | Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2; Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1; Prostaglandin E synthase 3; Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 |
| DrugBank MoA: | Although acetaminophen's exact mechanism of action has not been fully established, according to the FDA label, it is categorized as an NSAID (a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug) due to that fact that it inhibits the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathways, and it is thought to exert central actions which ultimately lead to the alleviation of pain symptoms.[T518,Label] One theory is that acetaminophen increases the pain threshold by inhibiting two isoforms of cyclooxygenase, COX-1 and COX-2, which are involved in prostaglandin (PG) synthesis. Prostaglandins are responsible for eliciting pain sensations.[A176366] Acetaminophen does not inhibit cyclooxygenase in peripheral tissues and, therefore, has no peripheral anti-inflammatory effects. Though acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) is an irreversible inhibitor of COX and directly blocks the active site of this enzyme, studies have shown that acetaminophen (paracetamol) blocks COX indirectly.[F4133] Studies also suggest that acetaminophen selectively blocks a variant type of the COX enzyme that is unique from the known variants COX-1 and COX-2.[A468] This enzyme has been referred to as _COX-3_. The antipyretic actions of acetaminophen are likely attributed to direct action on heat-regulating centers in the brain, resulting in peripheral vasodilation, sweating, and loss of body heat.[F4133] The exact mechanism of action of this drug is not fully understood at this time, but future research may contribute to deeper knowledge.[F4133] |
| DrugBank Pharmacology: | Animal and clinical studies have determined that acetaminophen has both antipyretic and analgesic effects. This drug has been shown to lack anti-inflammatory effects. As opposed to the _salicylate_ drug class, acetaminophen does not disrupt tubular secretion of uric acid and does not affect acid-base balance if taken at the recommended doses.[F4124] Acetaminophen does not disrupt hemostasis and does not have inhibitory activities against platelet aggregation.[Label,F4124] Allergic reactions are rare occurrences following acetaminophen use.[F4124] |
| DrugBank Indication: | In general, acetaminophen is used for the treatment of mild to moderate pain and reduction of fever.[F4124] It is available over the counter in various forms, the most common being oral forms. Acetaminophen _injection_ is indicated for the management of mild to moderate pain, the management of moderate to severe pain with adjunctive opioid analgesics, and the reduction of fever.[Label] Because of its low risk of causing allergic reactions, this drug can be administered in patients who are intolerant to salicylates and those with allergic tendencies, including bronchial asthmatics.[F4124] Specific dosing guidelines should be followed when administering acetaminophen to children.[L5780] |
| Targets: | |
| Therapeutic Category: | |
| Clinical Trial Progress: | |
| Latest Progress: |
| Trial ID | Source ID | Phases | Status | Study Results | Start Date | Last Update Posted | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| L4932 | NCT01089790 | PHASE3 | TERMINATED | NO | 2010-03 | 2011-09-21 | Details |
| L4961 | NCT03271879 | PHASE4 | UNKNOWN | NO | 2018-02-15 | 2018-01-25 | Details |
| L5191 | NCT00482079 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | NO | 2003-05-13 | 2017-03-28 | Details |
| L5966 | NCT00655863 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | YES | 2007-07 | 2013-05-27 | Details |
| L6385 | NCT03945656 | PHASE1 | COMPLETED | NO | 2019-05-07 | 2023-09-06 | Details |
| Strategy ID | Strategy | Synonyms | Related Targets | Related Drugs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S07 | antihypertensive | Anti-fibrosis; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-hypertensive; antihypertensive medications; multidrug combination antihypertensive treatment; empirical addition (or increase in the dose) of an antihypertensive agent of a different class""; Anti-hypertensive; Lifestyle measures; Anti-inflammatory; Improve insulin resistance; Enhance lipid metabolism; Regulating intestinal flora; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Immunotherapy; Anti-hypertensive; Immunosuppressive treatment; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-platelet aggregation; other antihypertensive drugs; antihypertensive therapy; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-hypertensive (standard antihypertensive treatment; intensive antihypertensive treatment); Blood pressure management; Anti-hypertensive; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-hypertensive; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-platelet aggregation; Improve insulin resistance; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-oxidative stress; antihypertensives; Lifestyle measures; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-hypertensive | ACE; Smad4; PKD1; angiotensin receptor; SGLT2; angiotensin II receptor; mineralocorticoid receptor; ACE | riociguat; sGC stimulators; sGC activators; antihypertensive medications; carvedilol; lercanidipine; enalapril; folic acid; retinoic acid; angiotensin II; antihypertensive drug; Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook F; valsartan; Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors; diuretics; calcium channel blocker; corticosteroid; anti-hypertensive treatment; NSAIDs; naproxen; celecoxib; proton pump inhibitor; non-selective NSAID; selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor; renin-angiotensin system blockers; antihypertensive agent; cilnidipine; valsartan; RAAS-is; steroids; immunosuppressors; amiloride; hydrochlorothiazide; berberine; Aliskiren; calcium channel blocker; angiotensin II receptor blocker; ARB; Chlorthalidone; Hydrochlorothiazide; Hsub2/subS; NO; Hsub2/subSxa0; xa0; NO; prednisolone; mizoribine; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ACEI; eculizumab; antihypertensive agents; antithrombotics; antianemics; proton pump inhibitors; allopurinol; rilmenidine; long-term benzodiazepines; anticholinergic drugs; hydroxyzine; Qian Yang Yu Yin Granule; RAAS blockers; other antihypertensive drugs; antihypertensives; antihypertensive classes; antihypertensive therapy; melatonin; RAASi; Aliskiren; ARBs; ACEIs; tegafur/gimeracil/oteracil; furosemide; prednisolone; angiotensin receptor blockers; valsartan; antihypertensive drugs; fosinopril; valsartan; Canagliflozin; sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors; Aspirin; Antihypertensive; Lipid-Lowering Treatment; Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors; angiotensin II receptor blocker; Spironolactone; KBP-5074; captopril; enalaprilate; lisinopril; losartan; valsartan; furosemide; pravastatin; simvastatin; Renin Angiotensin System inhibitors; ACE inhibitors; diuretics; β-blockers; Thiazide diuretics; dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; angiotensin receptor blockers; calcium-channel blockers; thiazide-like diuretics; lisinopril; Edarbyclor; azilsartan medoxomil; chlorthalidone; hydrochlorothiazide; aliskiren; ARB; enalapril; non-steroidalanti-inflammatory drugs; antihypertensive treatment; Chlorthalidone; loop diuretics; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; angiotensin receptor blocker; statin; captopril; tiopronin; active form of dalcetrapib; active metabolite of prasugrel, R-138727; Liuwei Dihuang pills; metformin hydrochloride sustained-release tablets; irbesartan tablets; renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor; type 1 angiotensin II receptor blockade; olmesartan; steroid; immunosuppressive agents; enalapril; corticosteroid treatment; Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors; antihypertensives; GLP-1 receptor analogue; SGLT2-inhibitor; sacubitril/valsartan; valsartan; Sulodexide; liraglutide; enalapril; ACE-I/ARBs; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blockers; labetalol; ACEi; ARB; ARBs | Details |
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