| Outcome Measures: |
Primary: The incidence of delirium, Confusion Assessment Method (CAM), or its variant for the Intensive Care Unit, known as CAM-ICU, is the tool used to assess the incidence of delirium. For CAM, the scale ranges from a minimum value of 11 to a maximum of 44, with higher scores indicating a worse outcome. In contrast, CAM-ICU does not utilize a numerical scale; it is a qualitative assessment designed to evaluate confusion without assigning specific values., One day before surgery and within the first seven days after surgery. | Secondary: The severity of delirium, The CAM-Severity Scale (CAM-S), available in both short-form and long-form versions, serves as a tool for assessing the severity of delirium. The scale extends from 0 to 7 in its short-form and from 0 to 19 in its long-form. Higher scores on the CAM-S are indicative of more severe outcomes., One day before surgery and within the first seven days after surgery.|Cognitive function, Minimum Mental State Examination (MMSE) is the tool used to assess cognitive function. The scale extends from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating a better outcome., One day before surgery; one week after surgery or at the date of discharge; and at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year postoperatively.|Anxiety, Generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7) is the tool used to assess anxiety. The scale extends from 0 to 21, with higher scores indicating a worse outcome., One day before surgery; one week after surgery or at the date of discharge; and at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year postoperatively.|Depression, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) is the tool used to assess depression. The scale extends from 0 to 27, with higher scores indicating a worse outcome., One day before surgery; one week after surgery or at the date of discharge; and at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year postoperatively.|Duration of ICU stay, By retrieving the Hospital Information System and ICU special care sheet, The time from transfer into the ICU to discharge from the ICU, assessed up to 12months.|Mechanical ventilation time, By retrieving the Hospital Information System and ICU special care sheet, The time from tracheal intubation to the removal of the tracheal tube, assessed up to 12months.|Duration of hospital stay, By retrieving the Hospital Information System, The time from hospital admission to discharge, assessed up to 12months.|In-hospital mortality, By retrieving the Hospital Information System, The time from hospital admission to discharge, assessed up to 12months.|Incidence of adverse events, By retrieving the Hospital Information System, ICU special care sheet and follow-up, One day preoperatively to three days Postoperatively.|Rate of major cardiovascular adverse events, By retrieving the Hospital Information System, ICU special care sheet and follow-up, Within 1 year post-surgery (including cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and stroke)|Serum levels of NSE, ELISA, One day preoperatively; immediately after admission to ICU; 3 days and 7 days postoperatively|Serum levels of CRP, ELISA, One day preoperatively; immediately after admission to ICU; 3 days and 7 days postoperatively|Serum levels of IL-1α, ELISA, One day preoperatively; immediately after admission to ICU; 3 days and 7 days postoperatively|Serum levels of TNF-α, ELISA, One day preoperatively; immediately after admission to ICU; 3 days and 7 days postoperatively|Serum levels of C3, ELISA, One day preoperatively; immediately after admission to ICU; 3 days and 7 days postoperatively|Serum levels of LDH, ELISA, One day preoperatively; immediately after admission to ICU; 3 days and 7 days postoperatively|Serum levels of CK, ELISA, One day preoperatively; immediately after admission to ICU; 3 days and 7 days postoperatively|Serum levels of CK-MB, ELISA, One day preoperatively; immediately after admission to ICU; 3 days and 7 days postoperatively|Serum levels of AST, ELISA, One day preoperatively; immediately after admission to ICU; 3 days and 7 days postoperatively|Serum levels of cTNT, ELISA, One day preoperatively; immediately after admission to ICU; 3 days and 7 days postoperatively|Serum levels of BNP, ELISA, One day preoperatively; immediately after admission to ICU; 3 days and 7 days postoperatively|Serum levels of C1q, ELISA, One day preoperatively; immediately after admission to ICU; 3 days and 7 days postoperatively|Serum levels of IL-1β, ELISA, One day preoperatively; immediately after admission to ICU; 3 days and 7 days postoperatively|Serum levels of IL-6, ELISA, One day preoperatively; immediately after admission to ICU; 3 days and 7 days postoperatively|Serum levels of S100β, ELISA, One day preoperatively; immediately after admission to ICU; 3 days and 7 days postoperatively|Left Ventricular Posterior Wall Thickness in Diastole (LVPWTd), The echocardiography is used to assess the LVPWTd., One day preoperatively; One week postoperatively or at the date of discharge; and at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year postoperatively.|Left Ventricular End-Diastolic Dimension (LVDd), The echocardiography is used to assess the LVDd., One day preoperatively; One week postoperatively or at the date of discharge; and at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year postoperatively.|Left Ventricular End-Systolic Diameter (LVDs), The echocardiography is used to assess the LVDs., One day preoperatively; One week postoperatively or at the date of discharge; and at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year postoperatively.|Left Atrial Diameter (LAD), The echocardiography is used to assess the LAD., One day preoperatively; One week postoperatively or at the date of discharge; and at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year postoperatively.|Ejection Fraction (EF), The echocardiography is used to assess the EF., One day preoperatively; One week postoperatively or at the date of discharge; and at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year postoperatively.|Fractional Shortening (FS), The echocardiography is used to assess the FS., One day preoperatively; One week postoperatively or at the date of discharge; and at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year postoperatively.|Early Diastolic Velocity/Atrial Diastolic Velocity (E/A), The echocardiography is used to assess the E/A., One day preoperatively; One week postoperatively or at the date of discharge; and at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year postoperatively.|Interventricular Septum Thickness in Diastolic (IVSTd), The echocardiography is used to assess the IVSTd., One day preoperatively; One week postoperatively or at the date of discharge; and at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year postoperatively.
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