Investigational Drug Details
| Drug ID: | D179 |
| Drug Name: | Niacin |
| Synonyms: | |
| Type: | small molecule |
| DrugBank ID: | DB00627 |
| DrugBank Description: | Niacin is a B vitamin used to treat vitamin deficiencies as well as hyperlipidemia, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and to reduce the risk of myocardial infarctions.[L7550,L7553,L7556,L7559,L7562,L7565] |
| PubChem ID: | 938 |
| CasNo: | 59-67-6 |
| Repositioning for NAFLD: | Yes |
| SMILES: | OC(=O)C1=CN=CC=C1 |
| Structure: |
|
| InChiKey: | PVNIIMVLHYAWGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| Molecular Weight: | 123.1094 |
| DrugBank Targets: | Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3; Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2; Nicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase [carboxylating]; Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase |
| DrugBank MoA: | Niacin performs a number of functions in the body and so has many mechanisms, not all of which have been fully described.[A19555] Niacin can decrease lipids and apolipoprotein B (apo B)-containing lipoproteins by modulating triglyceride synthesis in the liver, which degrades apo B, or by modulating lipolysis in adipose tissue.[A19555] Niacin inhibits hepatocyte diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2.[A19555] This action prevents the final step of triglyceride synthesis in hepatocytes, limiting available triglycerides for very low density lipoproteins (VLDL).[A19555] This activity also leads to intracellular degradation of apo B and decreased production of low density lipoproteins, the catabolic product of VLDL.[A19555] Niacin also inhibits a high density lipoprotein (HDL) catabolism receptor, which increases the levels and half life of HDL.[A19555] |
| DrugBank Pharmacology: | Niacin is a B vitamin used to treat vitamin deficiencies as well as hyperlipidemia, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and to reduce the risk of myocardial infarctions.[L7550,L7553,L7556,L7559,L7562,L7565] Niacin acts to decrease levels of very low density lipoproteins and low density lipoproteins, while increasing levels of high density lipoproteins.[A19555] Niacin has a wide therapeutic window with usual oral doses between 500mg and 2000mg.[L7550] Patients with diabetes, renal failure, uncontrolled hypothyroidism, and elderly patients taking niacin with simvastatin or lovastatin are at increased risk of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis.[L7550] |
| DrugBank Indication: | Niacin is indicated to prevent vitamin deficiencies in pediatric and adult patients receiving parenteral nutrition as part of multivitamin intravenous injections.[L7550,L7553,L7556,L7559] Niacin oral tablets are indicated as a monotherapy or in combination with simvastatin or lovastatin to treat primary hyperlipidemia and mixed dyslipidemia.[L7562,L7565] It can also be used to reduce the risk of nonfatal myocardial infarctions in patients with a history of myocardial infarction and hyperlipidemia.[L7562,L7565] Niacin is also indicated with bile acid binding resins to treat atherosclerosis in patients with coronary artery disease and hyperlipidemia or to treat primary hyperlipidemia.[L7562,L7565] Finally niacin is indicated to treat severe hypertriglyceridemia.[L7562,L7565] |
| Targets: | |
| Therapeutic Category: | |
| Clinical Trial Progress: | |
| Latest Progress: |
| Trial ID | Source ID | Phases | Status | Study Results | Start Date | Last Update Posted | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| L0969 | NCT00892749 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | NO | 2009-05 | 2015-05-04 | Details |
| L2181 | NCT06649773 | PHASE3 | RECRUITING | NO | 2024-10-25 | 2024-11-14 | Details |
| L3667 | NCT05834868 | PHASE3 | UNKNOWN | NO | 2022-05-06 | 2023-04-28 | Details |
| L5543 | NCT03877406 | PHASE4 | RECRUITING | NO | 2018-08-01 | 2023-08-14 | Details |
| Strategy ID | Strategy | Synonyms | Related Targets | Related Drugs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S01 | anti-apoptosis | Anti-inflammatory; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; inducing apoptosis in those cells; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-apoptosis; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-apoptosis | MAPK; caspase-3; Bcl-2; TNF-α; IL-1β; IL-6; podocin; nephrin; IL-1β; IL-6; TNF-α; HO-1; NF-κB; VDR; p38 MAPK; NF-κB; PPAR; AMPK; AMPK; NOX4; caspase-3; NOX4; ERK; Bcl-2; Nrf2; p53; Smad2/3; NOX4 | streptozotocin; Oleuropein; NS-398; iN/i-acetylcysteine; aminoguanidine; metformin; l-cysteine; Astragalus; Salvia miltrorrhiza; Polygala fallax Hemsl; compound Sanqi granules; metformin; Okadaic acid; miR-218 inhibitor; Gushen Jiedu capsule; Hirudin; Akebia saponin D; STZ; calcitriol; streptozocin; 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3; anisomycin; Echinacoside; PDTC; fenofibrate; miRNA antagomiR; dencichine; canagliflozin; isoprenaline; streptozotocin; recombinant human clusterin protein; Chloroquine; Amodiaquine; Streptozotocin; angiotensin II; calycosin; mitoquinone; ML385; Calcium dobesilate; FK506; SIS3; Forskolin; recombinant thrombomodulin | Details |
| S02 | anti-fibrosis | Anti-fibrosis; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-fibrosis; Enhance lipid metabolism; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Improve insulin resistance; Enhance lipid metabolism; Regulating intestinal flora; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-fibrosis; Enhance lipid metabolism; Improve insulin resistance; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-apoptosis; Cell therapy; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-apoptosis; Cell therapy; Anti-fibrosis; Improve insulin resistance; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-apoptosis; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-lipogenesis; Anti-fibrosis | HIF; FGF23; MAPK; Nrf2; HO-1; p38 MAPK; JNK; PPAR; FXR; Smad2/3; Smad2/3; TLR4; Smad2/3; Wnt/β-catenin; Smad2/3; Smad4; TGF-β; IL-1β; IL-6; TNF-α; ACE; Smad4; PKD1; p62; mTOR; TNF-α; TLR4; TGF-β; erythropoietin receptor; MMP-9; TLR4; IL-2; IL-24; IL-2; NOX4; MAPK; ACE; NF-κB; STAT3; JAK2; NOX4; NF-κB; Nrf2; SGLT2; HIF; Smad2/3; NF-κB; AMPK; mTOR; ERK; MAPK; AMPK; IL-6; IL-1β; TNF-α; TGF-β; EGF; RAGE; Wnt/β-catenin; AKT; AMPK; NOX4; caspase-3; NLRP3; NLRP3; NF-κB; Smad2/3; Smad2/3; p38 MAPK; p53 | riociguat; sGC stimulators; sGC activators; MRI-1867; JD5037; 1400W; HIF-PH inhibitors; paricalcitol; LNA-anti-miR-150; scrambled LNA; Ganoderic acid; GA-A; BML-111; ML385; traditional medicine; saikosaponin B2; miR-9-5p; cisplatin; CP; obeticholic acid (OCA; 6-ethyl chenodeoxycholic acid); tropifexor; nidufexor; mdivi-1; silibinin; lisinopril; MK-521; Adriamycin; 2-Dodecyl-6-methoxycyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione; NOX5 siRNA; ICG-001; IC-2; IC-2-506-1; IC-2-506-2; IC-2-506-3; IC-2-Ar-Cl; IC-2-OH; IC-2-OTBS; IC-2-F; Rehmannia glutinosa leaves total glycoside; glucose; glucosamine; streptozotocin; Low molecular weight fucoidan; protamine sulfate; propionate; Hirudin; Hsub2/subS; NO; Hsub2/subSxa0; xa0; NO; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; angiotensin II receptor blockers; N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline; USC; Korean red ginseng; Panax ginseng C.A. Mey.; streptozotocin; dapagliflozin; losartan; Bisphosphonates; RIS; recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin; deacetylase inhibitors; Human recombinant erythropoietin; rEPO; Huangkui capsule; 1,25sub2/subDsub3/sub; Danggui-Shaoyao-San; IL-24; Jiawei Shuilu Erxiandan; Coptis; CH5451098; MRS1754; Retinoic acid; ACE inhibitors; ATsub1/sub receptor antagonists; N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline; glycolysis inhibitors; prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitor S17092; imidapril; TA-606; Baicalin; β-Caryophyllene; dapagliflozin; streptozocin; fosinopril; valsartan; Chrysophanol; Plantamajoside; miR-101a-3p; miR-101; Am80; all-trans retinoic acid; Ginsenoside Rb1; rapamycin; Akt inhibitor; metformin; p38-MAPK inhibitor; ERK-MAPK inhibitor; psoralen; GLP-1RAs; liraglutide; XAV-939; streptozocin; TGF-x3b2; 1; dencichine; streptozotocin; genistein; Streptozotocin; transforming growth factor-x3b2; 1; paramylon; streptozotocin; C-peptide; SKF96365; TRPC6-siRNA; NFAT2-siRNA; ICG-001; short-chain fatty acids; acetate; propionate; butyrate; GPR43 agonist; TRAIL; PF429242; liraglutide; enalapril; canagliflozin; isoprenaline; Liuwei Dihuang pill; streptozotocin; six novel poricoic acids from Poria cocos; poricoic acid ZM; poricoic acid ZP; secolanostane tetracyclic triterpenoids; emodin; HGF; traditional Chinese medicine; Western medicine therapies; Sauchinone; Shenkang VII recipe; rhEPO; MOCK-MPs; hEPO-MPs; Calcium dobesilate; topiroxostat; siXDH; Ginkgo biloba extract; Streptozotocin; recombinant thrombomodulin | Details |
| S03 | anti-inflammatory | Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Immunotherapy; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-fibrosis; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-inflammatory; Immunosuppressive; Anti-inflammatory; inducing apoptosis in those cells; Anti-inflammatory; Improve insulin resistance; Enhance lipid metabolism; Regulating intestinal flora; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Improve insulin resistance; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-inflammatory; anti-inflammatory; anti-oxidative stress; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Immunotherapy; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-inflammatory; Improve insulin resistance; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-inflammatory; Lifestyle measures; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs); Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Enhance lipid metabolism; Regulating intestinal flora; Improve insulin resistance; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-inflammatory; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Cell therapy; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-apoptosis; Immunotherapy; Anti-inflammatory; Improve insulin resistance; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) treatment; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory renoprotection; anti-inflammatory effect; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-lipogenesis; Anti-fibrosis | NF-κB; TNF-α; NF-κB; FGF23; MAPK; caspase-3; Bcl-2; Nrf2; HO-1; p38 MAPK; JNK; FXR; TNF-α; IL-1β; IL-6; AMPK; PPAR; IL-1β; IL-6; TNF-α; ACE; Smad4; PKD1; p62; mTOR; AMPK; HIF; HIF; Smad2/3; Smad2/3; VEGFA; IL-6; MAPK; IL-1β; EGFR; TLR4; IL-6; Wnt/β-catenin; HO-1; NF-κB; TLR4; NF-κB; NF-κB; STAT3; JAK2; NOX4; NF-κB; Nrf2; SGLT2; HIF; SIRT1; JAK1; JAK2; TLR4; Smad2/3; IL-17; IL-6; PI3K; AKT; IL-6; IL-1β; TNF-α; TGF-β; EGF; IL-17; AMPK; NOX4; caspase-3; NOX4; NLRP3; caspase-1; IL-1β; ERK; JNK; p38 MAPK; NLRP3; NLRP3; NF-κB; HIF; hepcidin | MRI-1867; JD5037; 1400W; prednisolone; methotrexate; eldecalcitol; teriparatide; denosumab; streptozotocin; chloroquine; dexamethasone; 5-aminosalicylates; azathioprine; methotrexate; Glatiramer acetate; Glatiramer; paricalcitol; Oleuropein; methyl corosolate; uvaol; oleanolic acid; phenolic-rich açaí seed extract; BML-111; ML385; Recombinant thrombomodulin; obeticholic acid (OCA; 6-ethyl chenodeoxycholic acid); tropifexor; nidufexor; Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F; C4BP(x3b2; -); cyclophosphamide; methylprednisolone; cyclophosphamide; tripterygium wilfordii multiglycosides; prednisone; Astragalus; Salvia miltrorrhiza; Polygala fallax Hemsl; compound Sanqi granules; metformin; Okadaic acid; berberine; NOX5 siRNA; Tectorigenin; gentamicin; miR-218 inhibitor; methylprednisolone; prednisolone; mycophenolate mofetil; cyclosporine A; cyclophosphamide; rituximab; azathioprine; tacrolimus; propionate; Hirudin; Hsub2/subS; NO; Hsub2/subSxa0; xa0; NO; USC; prednisolone; mizoribine; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; steroids; cyclophosphamide; Korean red ginseng; Panax ginseng C.A. Mey.; streptozotocin; probiotics; Lactobacillus; Bifidobacterium; Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors; SGLT2 inhibitors; intravenous immunoglobulins; glucocorticoids; cyclophosphamide; azathioprine; Cyanidin-3-glucoside; Curcumin; quercetin; formononetin; calycosin; 7-O-methylisomucronulatol; quercetin; 1,25sub2/subDsub3/sub; parthenolide; insulin; Tocilizumab; Oral prednisolone; Astragaloside IV; Akebia saponin D; dioscin; streptozocin; Baicalin; tegafur/gimeracil/oteracil; furosemide; prednisolone; methylprednisolone; prednisolone; steroid; allopurinol; β-Caryophyllene; Colchicine; systemic/intra-articular corticosteroids; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents; IL-1 inhibitors; immunosuppressive therapy; STZ; dapagliflozin; streptozocin; Ergosterol; Streptozotocin; corticosteroids; cyclophosphamide; tofacitinib; inulin; Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors; curcumin; camptothecin; streptomycin; JAK inhibitors; ruxolitinib; Plantamajoside; methylprednisolone; intravenous immunoglobulin; vitamin D receptor agonists; paricalcitol; Am80; all-trans retinoic acid; Capsicum annuum L.; HPMA copolymer-based dexamethasone prodrug; PEG-based dexamethasone prodrug; glucocorticoid; cyclophosphamide; psoralen; Caffeine; glucocorticoids; Streptozotocin; paramylon; Campath; IV steroid; IV antibiotics; clindamycin; cMet agonistic antibody; short-chain fatty acids; acetate; propionate; butyrate; GPR43 agonist; Infliximab; corticosteroids; secukinumab; prednisolone; methylprednisolone; Cyclophosphamide; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; methotrexate; steroid; Dexamethasone; Tiliacora triandra extract; 5,7-dihydroxy-6-oxoheptadecanoic acid; liraglutide; enalapril; canagliflozin; isoprenaline; Liuwei Dihuang pill; streptozotocin; six novel poricoic acids from Poria cocos; poricoic acid ZM; poricoic acid ZP; secolanostane tetracyclic triterpenoids; Chuanxiong Rhizoma; Myricanone; Wallichilide; Sitosterol; Chloroquine; Amodiaquine; Streptozotocin; statins; atorvastatin; Allopurinol; febuxostat; Terminalia bellerica; saxagliptin; Adriamycin; baru almond oil; mineral oil; Epicatechin; 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid; 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; 3-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid; Sauchinone; Shenkang VII recipe; porcine collagen hydrolysate; prolyl-hydroxyproline; APX-115; sodium nitrite; isoquercetin; topiroxostat; siXDH; Ginkgo biloba extract; Streptozotocin | Details |
| S04 | anti-lipogenesis | Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-lipogenesis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-lipogenesis; Anti-fibrosis | AMPK | Liraglutide; Ginkgo biloba extract; Streptozotocin | Details |
| S05 | anti-oxidative stress | Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidative stress; Enhance lipid metabolism; Improve insulin resistance; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; anti-inflammatory; anti-oxidative stress; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-fibrosis; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-oxidative stress (Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) activates Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway by downregulating Keap1 and boosting nuclear Nrf2 level); Anti-hypertensive; Anti-oxidative stress; Improve insulin resistance; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidative stress; relieving oxidative stress; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-lipogenesis; Anti-fibrosis | TNF-α; NF-κB; MAPK; caspase-3; Bcl-2; DPP4; Nrf2; HO-1; p38 MAPK; JNK; SGLT2; mineralocorticoid receptor; MMP-9; AMPK; HIF; HIF; Smad2/3; Smad2/3; VEGFA; IL-6; MAPK; IL-1β; EGFR; Wnt/β-catenin; HO-1; NF-κB; NOX4; MAPK; NF-κB; STAT3; JAK2; NOX4; NF-κB; Nrf2; NF-κB; NOX4; SIRT1; AMPK; Nrf2; AMPK; NOX4; caspase-3; ERK; JNK; p38 MAPK; NLRP3; NLRP3; NF-κB; AMPK; AMPK; Bcl-2; Nrf2; Smad2/3; NOX4 | MRI-1867; JD5037; 1400W; Glatiramer acetate; Glatiramer; Berberine; GKT137831; febuxostat; topiroxostat; Oleuropein; Resveratrol; Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors; alogliptin; saxagliptin; sitagliptin; teneligliptin; phenolic-rich açaí seed extract; BML-111; ML385; empagliflozin; dapagliflozin; ramipril; hydro-chloro-thiazide; iN/i-acetylcysteine; aminoguanidine; metformin; l-cysteine; NOX5 siRNA; gentamicin; syringic acid; streptozotocin; tamarind seed coat ethanol extract; Finerenone; USC; probiotics; Lactobacillus; Bifidobacterium; Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors; SGLT2 inhibitors; Cyanidin-3-glucoside; N-acetylcysteine; quercetin; formononetin; calycosin; 7-O-methylisomucronulatol; quercetin; streptozotocin; Astragaloside IV; Akebia saponin D; Retinoic acid; Folic acid; N-acetyl-cysteine; Baicalin; β-Caryophyllene; Ergosterol; Streptozotocin; GKT137831; GKT13783; Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors; Plantamajoside; Capsicum annuum L.; dencichine; reactive oxygen species scavenger; Ang II receptor blockers; Epigallocatechin-3-gallate; type 1 angiotensin II receptor blockade; olmesartan; short-chain fatty acids; acetate; propionate; butyrate; GPR43 agonist; Tiliacora triandra extract; 5,7-dihydroxy-6-oxoheptadecanoic acid; canagliflozin; isoprenaline; streptozotocin; recombinant human clusterin protein; six novel poricoic acids from Poria cocos; poricoic acid ZM; poricoic acid ZP; secolanostane tetracyclic triterpenoids; Chloroquine; Amodiaquine; Streptozotocin; Allopurinol; febuxostat; Terminalia bellerica; Epicatechin; 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid; 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; 3-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid; Sauchinone; GLP-1; liraglutide; exendin-4; Cinacalcet; mitoquinone; ML385; sodium nitrite; isoquercetin; vitamin E; selenium; SIS3; Forskolin; topiroxostat; siXDH; Ginkgo biloba extract; Streptozotocin; puromycin aminonucleoside; amiloride | Details |
| S07 | antihypertensive | Anti-fibrosis; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-hypertensive; antihypertensive medications; multidrug combination antihypertensive treatment; empirical addition (or increase in the dose) of an antihypertensive agent of a different class""; Anti-hypertensive; Lifestyle measures; Anti-inflammatory; Improve insulin resistance; Enhance lipid metabolism; Regulating intestinal flora; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Immunotherapy; Anti-hypertensive; Immunosuppressive treatment; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-platelet aggregation; other antihypertensive drugs; antihypertensive therapy; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-hypertensive (standard antihypertensive treatment; intensive antihypertensive treatment); Blood pressure management; Anti-hypertensive; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-hypertensive; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-platelet aggregation; Improve insulin resistance; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-oxidative stress; antihypertensives; Lifestyle measures; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-hypertensive | ACE; Smad4; PKD1; angiotensin receptor; SGLT2; angiotensin II receptor; mineralocorticoid receptor; ACE | riociguat; sGC stimulators; sGC activators; antihypertensive medications; carvedilol; lercanidipine; enalapril; folic acid; retinoic acid; angiotensin II; antihypertensive drug; Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook F; valsartan; Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors; diuretics; calcium channel blocker; corticosteroid; anti-hypertensive treatment; NSAIDs; naproxen; celecoxib; proton pump inhibitor; non-selective NSAID; selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor; renin-angiotensin system blockers; antihypertensive agent; cilnidipine; valsartan; RAAS-is; steroids; immunosuppressors; amiloride; hydrochlorothiazide; berberine; Aliskiren; calcium channel blocker; angiotensin II receptor blocker; ARB; Chlorthalidone; Hydrochlorothiazide; Hsub2/subS; NO; Hsub2/subSxa0; xa0; NO; prednisolone; mizoribine; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ACEI; eculizumab; antihypertensive agents; antithrombotics; antianemics; proton pump inhibitors; allopurinol; rilmenidine; long-term benzodiazepines; anticholinergic drugs; hydroxyzine; Qian Yang Yu Yin Granule; RAAS blockers; other antihypertensive drugs; antihypertensives; antihypertensive classes; antihypertensive therapy; melatonin; RAASi; Aliskiren; ARBs; ACEIs; tegafur/gimeracil/oteracil; furosemide; prednisolone; angiotensin receptor blockers; valsartan; antihypertensive drugs; fosinopril; valsartan; Canagliflozin; sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors; Aspirin; Antihypertensive; Lipid-Lowering Treatment; Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors; angiotensin II receptor blocker; Spironolactone; KBP-5074; captopril; enalaprilate; lisinopril; losartan; valsartan; furosemide; pravastatin; simvastatin; Renin Angiotensin System inhibitors; ACE inhibitors; diuretics; β-blockers; Thiazide diuretics; dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; angiotensin receptor blockers; calcium-channel blockers; thiazide-like diuretics; lisinopril; Edarbyclor; azilsartan medoxomil; chlorthalidone; hydrochlorothiazide; aliskiren; ARB; enalapril; non-steroidalanti-inflammatory drugs; antihypertensive treatment; Chlorthalidone; loop diuretics; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; angiotensin receptor blocker; statin; captopril; tiopronin; active form of dalcetrapib; active metabolite of prasugrel, R-138727; Liuwei Dihuang pills; metformin hydrochloride sustained-release tablets; irbesartan tablets; renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor; type 1 angiotensin II receptor blockade; olmesartan; steroid; immunosuppressive agents; enalapril; corticosteroid treatment; Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors; antihypertensives; GLP-1 receptor analogue; SGLT2-inhibitor; sacubitril/valsartan; valsartan; Sulodexide; liraglutide; enalapril; ACE-I/ARBs; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blockers; labetalol; ACEi; ARB; ARBs | Details |
| S09 | cell therapy | high-dose melphalan/autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation; Cell therapy; Cell therapy; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Cell therapy; Anti-fibrosis | B cells; IL-6; IL-1β; TNF-α; TGF-β; EGF; SIRT1 | chemotherapy; high-dose melphalan; melatonin; granulocyte-colony stimulating factor; metformin; Mesenchymal stem cells; Human gingiva derived MSCs; Streptozotocin; streptozotocin; C-peptide; SIRT1 activators | Details |
| S12 | enhance lipid metabolism | Enhance lipid metabolism; Improve insulin resistance; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-fibrosis; Enhance lipid metabolism; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Enhance lipid metabolism; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-inflammatory; Improve insulin resistance; Enhance lipid metabolism; Regulating intestinal flora; Anti-hypertensive; Improve insulin resistance; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-inflammatory; Improve insulin resistance; Enhance lipid metabolism; Regulating intestinal flora; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-platelet aggregation; Enhance lipid metabolism; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-lipogenesis; Anti-fibrosis; Enhance lipid metabolism; Improve insulin resistance; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Enhance lipid metabolism; Regulating intestinal flora; Improve insulin resistance; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-inflammatory; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-hypertensive; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-apoptosis; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-hypertensive; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-platelet aggregation; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-platelet aggregation; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-oxidative stress | PPAR; FXR; AMPK; PPAR; Smad2/3; Smad4; PCSK9; AMPK; ACE; SGLT2; HIF; SIRT1 | Berberine; miR-9-5p; obeticholic acid (OCA; 6-ethyl chenodeoxycholic acid); tropifexor; nidufexor; Pemafibrate; conventional fibrates; Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F; berberine; Tectorigenin; Rehmannia glutinosa leaves total glycoside; evolocumab; statin products; icodextrin dialysate; insulin; dual antiplatelet therapy; statins; beta-blockers; Liraglutide; ACE inhibitors; ATsub1/sub receptor antagonists; N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline; glycolysis inhibitors; prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitor S17092; imidapril; TA-606; dapagliflozin; streptozocin; fenofibrate; inulin; Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors; captopril; enalaprilate; lisinopril; losartan; valsartan; furosemide; pravastatin; simvastatin; fenofibrate; miRNA antagomiR; captopril; tiopronin; active form of dalcetrapib; active metabolite of prasugrel, R-138727; statins; topiroxostat; siXDH | Details |
| S14 | immunotherapy | immunosuppressants; immunosuppressive medications; immunosuppression; Immunotherapy; immunosuppressive treatments; Immunosuppressive therapy; immune-suppressive medications; Anti-inflammatory; Immunotherapy; Standard CNI-based mammalian target of rapamycin-free immunosuppression; Immunosuppression; steroid-sparing immunosuppressive protocols; Immunoadsorption; immunosuppressive therapy; Anti-inflammatory; Immunosuppressive; Immunosuppressive treatment; Immunoregulation; Immunosuppressive therapy with cyclophosphamide (CTX); Anti-inflammatory; Immunotherapy; Anti-hypertensive; Immunosuppressive treatment; Anti-hypertensive; Immunization with PTX3 to incite anti-PTX3 antibodies; immunosuppressive drugs; Immunotherapy (predizone; immunosuppressive therapies; Enhanced immunosuppressive treatment; Immunosuppressant therapy; checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) immunotherapy plus conventional chemotherapy; [Immunotherapy; targeting the mucosal immune system dysregulation underlying IgAN pathogenesis with a pH-modified formulation of budesonide; immunosuppression (primarily glucocorticoids); immunosuppressors; systemic immunosuppressant; Immunotherapy (rituximab); Intravenous immunoglobulins; Immunotherapy; Anti-inflammatory; other immunosuppressives; Immunotherapy; Genetic therapy; 'classical' immunosuppressive drugs; Immunotherapy (anti-PD1 antibodies: nivolumab or pembrolizumab); corticosteroids plus immunosuppressant; immunosuppressive agents; immunosuppressive regimen; immunosuppressive drugs; immunosuppressive therapy; Immunosuppressive intervention | angiotensin receptor; IL-2; calcineurin; CD20; FGF23; C5; PLA2R; CD20; JNK; ERK; MAPK; NLRP3; PLA2R; IL-6; B cells; IL-17; PD-1; Smad2/3; p38 MAPK; C3 | ACE-Is; ARBs; steroids; immunosuppressants; immunosuppressive medications; steroids; immunosuppression; ustekinumab; immunosuppressant; immunosuppressive treatments; corticosteroids; immune-suppressive medications; immunosuppressive medications; rituximab; RTX; IL-2; prednisolone; methotrexate; eldecalcitol; teriparatide; denosumab; calcineurin inhibitors; Sirolimus; ofatumumab; rituximab; calcineurin inhibitors; antiproliferative agents; prednisone; IVIg; SCIg; 5-aminosalicylates; azathioprine; methotrexate; Triptolide; immunosuppressants; corticosteroids; glucocorticoid; vitamin D supplementation; active vitamin D; oral phosphate; magnesium supplementation; recombinant human growth hormone; alemtuzumab; Recombinant thrombomodulin; Yi-Qi-Qing-Jie formula; prednisolone; cyclophosphamide; rituximab; steroids; mycophenolate mofetil; tacrolimus; basiliximab; antithymocyte globulins; valganciclovir; renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers; Eculizumab; immunosuppressive therapy; Rituximab; steroids; cyclosporine; ofatumumab; rituximab; monoclonal antibodies; humanized anti-CD20 therapies; ofatumumab; methylprednisolone; cyclophosphamide; tripterygium wilfordii multiglycosides; prednisone; Belimumab; Benlysta; steroids; corticosteroids; immunosuppressive medication; methylprednisolone; prednisolone; mycophenolate mofetil; cyclosporine A; cyclophosphamide; rituximab; azathioprine; tacrolimus; Tris dipalladium; Tris DBA; Denosumab; cyclophosphamide; Tacrolimus; glucocorticoid; Ustekinumab; infliximab; steroid; prednisolone; mizoribine; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; steroids; cyclophosphamide; ACEI; eculizumab; steroid; steroids; immunosuppressants; PF-06730512; intravenous immunoglobulins; glucocorticoids; cyclophosphamide; azathioprine; Iguratimod; prednisone; denosumab; human recombinant PTX3; Rituximab; steroids; calcineurin inhibitors; ofatumumab; immunosuppressive drugs; prednizone; cyclosporine A; enoxaparine; Tocilizumab; Lenalidomide; anthracycline; prednisolone; prednisolone; mycophenolate mofetil; cyclophosphamide; Mycophenolic acid; MPA; enhanced immunosuppressive treatment; corticosteroids; cyclophosphamide; RAAS blockers; immunosuppression; herbal medication; herbal supplement; IV cyclophosphamide; steroids; cyclosporine; sirolimus; steroid; immunosuppressants; corticosteroids; cyclophosphamide; tofacitinib; FTY720; SEW2871; TY52156; renin angiotensin system inhibitors; corticosteroids; immunosuppressant; Checkpoint inhibitor; conventional chemotherapy; corticosteroids; anti-IL-12/23 p40 antibody; abatacept; budesonide; corticosteroid; rituximab (RTX; anti-CD20); belimumab (BLM; anti-BAFF); prednisolone; rituximab; cyclophosphamide; mycophenolate mofetil; glucocorticoids; immune checkpoint inhibitors; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin-receptor blockers; diuretics; corticosteroids; rituximab; immunosuppressive treatment; methylprednisolone; intravenous immunoglobulin; corticosteroids; immunosuppressors; systemic immunosuppressant; rituximab; steroids; tacrolimus; cyclosporine; cyclophosphamide; mycophenolate mofetil; Intravenous immunoglobulins; Rituximab; glucocorticoid; cyclophosphamide; immunosuppressants; certolizumab pegol; methotrexate; infliximab; rituximab; corticosteroids; cyclophosphamide; cyclophosphamide; cyclo; rituximab; belimumab; cyclophosphamide; glucocorticoids; steroid; pulse methylprednisolone; cyclophosphamide; cyclosporine; mycophenolate mofetil; rituximab; abatacept; Campath; IV steroid; IV antibiotics; clindamycin; corticosteroids; mycophenolate mofetil; other immunosuppressives; ecluzimab; Infliximab; corticosteroids; secukinumab; prednisolone; methylprednisolone; Cyclophosphamide; miR-10a-3p agomir; miR-10a-3p antagomir; REG3A low expression vector; rituximab; corticosteroids; ""'classical' immunosuppressive drugs; Janus kinase inhibitors""; antiviral medications; corticosteroid; cyclophosphamide; mycophenolate mofetil; nivolumab; pembrolizumab; renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors; proton-pump inhibitors; corticosteroids; corticosteroids; immunosuppressant; tacrolimus; mycophenolate mofetil; tocilizumab; high dose corticosteroids; glucocorticoids; immunosuppressants; cyclosporine; rituximab; intravenous immunoglobulins; IVIg; methylprednisolone; cyclophosphamide; glucocorticoids; cyclophosphamides; steroids; immunosuppressive drugs; immunosuppressive; rituximab; nivolumab; daratumumab; bortezomib; melphalan; prednisone; thalidomide | Details |
| S15 | improve insulin resistance | Enhance lipid metabolism; Improve insulin resistance; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Improve insulin resistance; Enhance lipid metabolism; Regulating intestinal flora; Anti-hypertensive; Improve insulin resistance; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-inflammatory; Improve insulin resistance; Enhance lipid metabolism; Regulating intestinal flora; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Improve insulin resistance; Anti-fibrosis; Enhance lipid metabolism; Improve insulin resistance; Regulating intestinal flora; Improve insulin resistance; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-inflammatory; Improve insulin resistance; Anti-hypertensive; Improve insulin resistance; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis | AMPK; PPAR; Smad2/3; Smad4; ACE | Berberine; berberine; Tectorigenin; Rehmannia glutinosa leaves total glycoside; parthenolide; insulin; ACE inhibitors; ATsub1/sub receptor antagonists; N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline; glycolysis inhibitors; prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitor S17092; imidapril; TA-606; inulin; Liuwei Dihuang pills; metformin hydrochloride sustained-release tablets; irbesartan tablets; short-chain fatty acids; acetate; propionate; butyrate; GPR43 agonist | Details |
| S16 | lifestyle measures | Lifestyle measures; adequate dietary or supplemental vitamin D and calcium intake; avoid tobacco, consume alcohol in moderation at most, and engage in regular exercise and fall prevention strategies; Dietary supplementation with grains containing high β-glucan fiber; metabolic bariatric surgery; intensive lifestyle intervention; A low-glycemic, low-phosphate dietary intervention; Anti-hypertensive; Lifestyle measures; Dietary counseling; Adequate dietary or supplemental vitamin D and calcium intake; Avoid tobacco, consume alcohol in moderation at most, and engage in regular exercise and fall prevention strategies; dietary flavonoid supplementation; lifestyle modifications including exercise and an energy-restricted diet; Anti-inflammatory; Lifestyle measures; lifestyle interventions; Lifestyle measures; Anti-hypertensive; Hemodialysis; diet modifications; intensive dietary modifications | Klotho; SGLT2 | trelagliptin; trelagliptin; bisphosphonates; alendronate; risedronate; zoledronic acid; denosumab; anabolic agents; vitamin D; calcium; oat β-glucan; metformin; rosiglitazone; insulin; insulin therapy; amiloride; hydrochlorothiazide; Tolvaptan; agrochemicals; alendronate; risedronate; zoledronic acid; denosumab; anabolic agents; vitamin D; dietary flavonoid supplementation; metformin; linagliptin; fixed-dose combination of linagliptin/metformin; Kangen-karyu extract; phosphate binders; vitamin D; calcimimetics; allopurinol; testosterone gel; sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors; glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; Sulodexide; uric acid lowering drugs; calcium salts; calcium; vitamin D; antiresorptive; anabolic agent | Details |
| S18 | regulating intestinal flora | Anti-inflammatory; Improve insulin resistance; Enhance lipid metabolism; Regulating intestinal flora; Anti-hypertensive; Improve insulin resistance; Enhance lipid metabolism; Regulating intestinal flora; Anti-fibrosis; gut microbiota modulation; innovative absorption-based approach; gut microbiota reprogramming; Regulating intestinal flora; Improve insulin resistance; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-inflammatory; Regulating intestinal flora; Modulation of IS production in the gut microbiota | Smad2/3; Smad4 | berberine; Rehmannia glutinosa leaves total glycoside; synbiotic; broad-spectrum oral antibiotics; sodium acetate; GPR43 siRNA; inulin; choline analogues; histidine-based scaffold; isoquercitrin | Details |
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