Investigational Drug Details
| Drug ID: | D202 |
| Drug Name: | Naltrexone |
| Synonyms: | |
| Type: | small molecule |
| DrugBank ID: | DB00704 |
| DrugBank Description: | Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of naloxone. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence. |
| PubChem ID: | 5360515 |
| CasNo: | 16590-41-3 |
| Repositioning for NAFLD: | Yes |
| SMILES: | [H][C@@]12OC3=C(O)C=CC4=C3[C@@]11CCN(CC3CC3)[C@]([H])(C4)[C@]1(O)CCC2=O |
| Structure: |
|
| InChiKey: | DQCKKXVULJGBQN-XFWGSAIBSA-N |
| Molecular Weight: | 341.4009 |
| DrugBank Targets: | Mu-type opioid receptor; Kappa-type opioid receptor; Delta-type opioid receptor; Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1 |
| DrugBank MoA: | Naltrexone is a pure opiate antagonist and has little or no agonist activity. The mechanism of action of naltrexone in alcoholism is not understood; however, involvement of the endogenous opioid system is suggested by preclinical data. Naltrexone is thought to act as a competitive antagonist at mc, κ, and δ receptors in the CNS, with the highest affintiy for the μ receptor. Naltrexone competitively binds to such receptors and may block the effects of endogenous opioids. This leads to the antagonization of most of the subjective and objective effects of opiates, including respiratory depression, miosis, euphoria, and drug craving. The major metabolite of naltrexone, 6-β-naltrexol, is also an opiate antagonist and may contribute to the antagonistic activity of the drug. |
| DrugBank Pharmacology: | Naltrexone, a pure opioid antagonist, is a synthetic congener of oxymorphone with no opioid agonist properties. Naltrexone is indicated in the treatment of alcohol dependence and for the blockade of the effects of exogenously administered opioids. It markedly attenuates or completely blocks, reversibly, the subjective effects of intravenously administered opioids. When co-administered with morphine, on a chronic basis, naltrexone blocks the physical dependence to morphine, heroin and other opioids. In subjects physically dependent on opioids, naltrexone will precipitate withdrawal symptomatology. |
| DrugBank Indication: | Used as an adjunct to a medically supervised behaviour modification program in the maintenance of opiate cessation in individuals who were formerly physically dependent on opiates and who have successfully undergone detoxification. Also used for the management of alcohol dependence in conjunction with a behavioural modification program. |
| Targets: | |
| Therapeutic Category: | |
| Clinical Trial Progress: | |
| Latest Progress: |
| Trial ID | Source ID | Phases | Status | Study Results | Start Date | Last Update Posted | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| L5060 | NCT06045221 | PHASE3 | ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING | NO | 2023-09-22 | 2025-02-27 | Details |
| L5787 | NCT04867785 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | YES | 2021-05-13 | 2023-07-03 | Details |
| Target ID | Target Name | GENE | Action | Class | UniProtKB ID | Entry Name | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T41 | Solute carrier family 13 member 5 | SLC13A5 | Target is a single protein chain | Q86YT5 | SLC13A5_HUMAN | Details | |
| T03 | Angiotensin-converting enzyme | ACE | INHIBITOR | Target is a single protein chain | P12821 | ACE_HUMAN | Details |
| T47 | Sialin | SLC17A5 | Target is a single protein chain | Q9NRA2 | SLC17A5_HUMAN | Details |
| Strategy ID | Strategy | Synonyms | Related Targets | Related Drugs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S01 | anti-apoptosis | Anti-inflammatory; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; inducing apoptosis in those cells; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-apoptosis; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-apoptosis | MAPK; caspase-3; Bcl-2; TNF-α; IL-1β; IL-6; podocin; nephrin; IL-1β; IL-6; TNF-α; HO-1; NF-κB; VDR; p38 MAPK; NF-κB; PPAR; AMPK; AMPK; NOX4; caspase-3; NOX4; ERK; Bcl-2; Nrf2; p53; Smad2/3; NOX4 | streptozotocin; Oleuropein; NS-398; iN/i-acetylcysteine; aminoguanidine; metformin; l-cysteine; Astragalus; Salvia miltrorrhiza; Polygala fallax Hemsl; compound Sanqi granules; metformin; Okadaic acid; miR-218 inhibitor; Gushen Jiedu capsule; Hirudin; Akebia saponin D; STZ; calcitriol; streptozocin; 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3; anisomycin; Echinacoside; PDTC; fenofibrate; miRNA antagomiR; dencichine; canagliflozin; isoprenaline; streptozotocin; recombinant human clusterin protein; Chloroquine; Amodiaquine; Streptozotocin; angiotensin II; calycosin; mitoquinone; ML385; Calcium dobesilate; FK506; SIS3; Forskolin; recombinant thrombomodulin | Details |
| S02 | anti-fibrosis | Anti-fibrosis; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-fibrosis; Enhance lipid metabolism; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Improve insulin resistance; Enhance lipid metabolism; Regulating intestinal flora; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-fibrosis; Enhance lipid metabolism; Improve insulin resistance; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-apoptosis; Cell therapy; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-apoptosis; Cell therapy; Anti-fibrosis; Improve insulin resistance; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-apoptosis; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-lipogenesis; Anti-fibrosis | HIF; FGF23; MAPK; Nrf2; HO-1; p38 MAPK; JNK; PPAR; FXR; Smad2/3; Smad2/3; TLR4; Smad2/3; Wnt/β-catenin; Smad2/3; Smad4; TGF-β; IL-1β; IL-6; TNF-α; ACE; Smad4; PKD1; p62; mTOR; TNF-α; TLR4; TGF-β; erythropoietin receptor; MMP-9; TLR4; IL-2; IL-24; IL-2; NOX4; MAPK; ACE; NF-κB; STAT3; JAK2; NOX4; NF-κB; Nrf2; SGLT2; HIF; Smad2/3; NF-κB; AMPK; mTOR; ERK; MAPK; AMPK; IL-6; IL-1β; TNF-α; TGF-β; EGF; RAGE; Wnt/β-catenin; AKT; AMPK; NOX4; caspase-3; NLRP3; NLRP3; NF-κB; Smad2/3; Smad2/3; p38 MAPK; p53 | riociguat; sGC stimulators; sGC activators; MRI-1867; JD5037; 1400W; HIF-PH inhibitors; paricalcitol; LNA-anti-miR-150; scrambled LNA; Ganoderic acid; GA-A; BML-111; ML385; traditional medicine; saikosaponin B2; miR-9-5p; cisplatin; CP; obeticholic acid (OCA; 6-ethyl chenodeoxycholic acid); tropifexor; nidufexor; mdivi-1; silibinin; lisinopril; MK-521; Adriamycin; 2-Dodecyl-6-methoxycyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione; NOX5 siRNA; ICG-001; IC-2; IC-2-506-1; IC-2-506-2; IC-2-506-3; IC-2-Ar-Cl; IC-2-OH; IC-2-OTBS; IC-2-F; Rehmannia glutinosa leaves total glycoside; glucose; glucosamine; streptozotocin; Low molecular weight fucoidan; protamine sulfate; propionate; Hirudin; Hsub2/subS; NO; Hsub2/subSxa0; xa0; NO; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; angiotensin II receptor blockers; N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline; USC; Korean red ginseng; Panax ginseng C.A. Mey.; streptozotocin; dapagliflozin; losartan; Bisphosphonates; RIS; recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin; deacetylase inhibitors; Human recombinant erythropoietin; rEPO; Huangkui capsule; 1,25sub2/subDsub3/sub; Danggui-Shaoyao-San; IL-24; Jiawei Shuilu Erxiandan; Coptis; CH5451098; MRS1754; Retinoic acid; ACE inhibitors; ATsub1/sub receptor antagonists; N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline; glycolysis inhibitors; prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitor S17092; imidapril; TA-606; Baicalin; β-Caryophyllene; dapagliflozin; streptozocin; fosinopril; valsartan; Chrysophanol; Plantamajoside; miR-101a-3p; miR-101; Am80; all-trans retinoic acid; Ginsenoside Rb1; rapamycin; Akt inhibitor; metformin; p38-MAPK inhibitor; ERK-MAPK inhibitor; psoralen; GLP-1RAs; liraglutide; XAV-939; streptozocin; TGF-x3b2; 1; dencichine; streptozotocin; genistein; Streptozotocin; transforming growth factor-x3b2; 1; paramylon; streptozotocin; C-peptide; SKF96365; TRPC6-siRNA; NFAT2-siRNA; ICG-001; short-chain fatty acids; acetate; propionate; butyrate; GPR43 agonist; TRAIL; PF429242; liraglutide; enalapril; canagliflozin; isoprenaline; Liuwei Dihuang pill; streptozotocin; six novel poricoic acids from Poria cocos; poricoic acid ZM; poricoic acid ZP; secolanostane tetracyclic triterpenoids; emodin; HGF; traditional Chinese medicine; Western medicine therapies; Sauchinone; Shenkang VII recipe; rhEPO; MOCK-MPs; hEPO-MPs; Calcium dobesilate; topiroxostat; siXDH; Ginkgo biloba extract; Streptozotocin; recombinant thrombomodulin | Details |
| S03 | anti-inflammatory | Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Immunotherapy; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-fibrosis; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-inflammatory; Immunosuppressive; Anti-inflammatory; inducing apoptosis in those cells; Anti-inflammatory; Improve insulin resistance; Enhance lipid metabolism; Regulating intestinal flora; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Improve insulin resistance; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-inflammatory; anti-inflammatory; anti-oxidative stress; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Immunotherapy; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-inflammatory; Improve insulin resistance; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-inflammatory; Lifestyle measures; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs); Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Enhance lipid metabolism; Regulating intestinal flora; Improve insulin resistance; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-inflammatory; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Cell therapy; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-apoptosis; Immunotherapy; Anti-inflammatory; Improve insulin resistance; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) treatment; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory renoprotection; anti-inflammatory effect; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-lipogenesis; Anti-fibrosis | NF-κB; TNF-α; NF-κB; FGF23; MAPK; caspase-3; Bcl-2; Nrf2; HO-1; p38 MAPK; JNK; FXR; TNF-α; IL-1β; IL-6; AMPK; PPAR; IL-1β; IL-6; TNF-α; ACE; Smad4; PKD1; p62; mTOR; AMPK; HIF; HIF; Smad2/3; Smad2/3; VEGFA; IL-6; MAPK; IL-1β; EGFR; TLR4; IL-6; Wnt/β-catenin; HO-1; NF-κB; TLR4; NF-κB; NF-κB; STAT3; JAK2; NOX4; NF-κB; Nrf2; SGLT2; HIF; SIRT1; JAK1; JAK2; TLR4; Smad2/3; IL-17; IL-6; PI3K; AKT; IL-6; IL-1β; TNF-α; TGF-β; EGF; IL-17; AMPK; NOX4; caspase-3; NOX4; NLRP3; caspase-1; IL-1β; ERK; JNK; p38 MAPK; NLRP3; NLRP3; NF-κB; HIF; hepcidin | MRI-1867; JD5037; 1400W; prednisolone; methotrexate; eldecalcitol; teriparatide; denosumab; streptozotocin; chloroquine; dexamethasone; 5-aminosalicylates; azathioprine; methotrexate; Glatiramer acetate; Glatiramer; paricalcitol; Oleuropein; methyl corosolate; uvaol; oleanolic acid; phenolic-rich açaí seed extract; BML-111; ML385; Recombinant thrombomodulin; obeticholic acid (OCA; 6-ethyl chenodeoxycholic acid); tropifexor; nidufexor; Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F; C4BP(x3b2; -); cyclophosphamide; methylprednisolone; cyclophosphamide; tripterygium wilfordii multiglycosides; prednisone; Astragalus; Salvia miltrorrhiza; Polygala fallax Hemsl; compound Sanqi granules; metformin; Okadaic acid; berberine; NOX5 siRNA; Tectorigenin; gentamicin; miR-218 inhibitor; methylprednisolone; prednisolone; mycophenolate mofetil; cyclosporine A; cyclophosphamide; rituximab; azathioprine; tacrolimus; propionate; Hirudin; Hsub2/subS; NO; Hsub2/subSxa0; xa0; NO; USC; prednisolone; mizoribine; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; steroids; cyclophosphamide; Korean red ginseng; Panax ginseng C.A. Mey.; streptozotocin; probiotics; Lactobacillus; Bifidobacterium; Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors; SGLT2 inhibitors; intravenous immunoglobulins; glucocorticoids; cyclophosphamide; azathioprine; Cyanidin-3-glucoside; Curcumin; quercetin; formononetin; calycosin; 7-O-methylisomucronulatol; quercetin; 1,25sub2/subDsub3/sub; parthenolide; insulin; Tocilizumab; Oral prednisolone; Astragaloside IV; Akebia saponin D; dioscin; streptozocin; Baicalin; tegafur/gimeracil/oteracil; furosemide; prednisolone; methylprednisolone; prednisolone; steroid; allopurinol; β-Caryophyllene; Colchicine; systemic/intra-articular corticosteroids; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents; IL-1 inhibitors; immunosuppressive therapy; STZ; dapagliflozin; streptozocin; Ergosterol; Streptozotocin; corticosteroids; cyclophosphamide; tofacitinib; inulin; Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors; curcumin; camptothecin; streptomycin; JAK inhibitors; ruxolitinib; Plantamajoside; methylprednisolone; intravenous immunoglobulin; vitamin D receptor agonists; paricalcitol; Am80; all-trans retinoic acid; Capsicum annuum L.; HPMA copolymer-based dexamethasone prodrug; PEG-based dexamethasone prodrug; glucocorticoid; cyclophosphamide; psoralen; Caffeine; glucocorticoids; Streptozotocin; paramylon; Campath; IV steroid; IV antibiotics; clindamycin; cMet agonistic antibody; short-chain fatty acids; acetate; propionate; butyrate; GPR43 agonist; Infliximab; corticosteroids; secukinumab; prednisolone; methylprednisolone; Cyclophosphamide; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; methotrexate; steroid; Dexamethasone; Tiliacora triandra extract; 5,7-dihydroxy-6-oxoheptadecanoic acid; liraglutide; enalapril; canagliflozin; isoprenaline; Liuwei Dihuang pill; streptozotocin; six novel poricoic acids from Poria cocos; poricoic acid ZM; poricoic acid ZP; secolanostane tetracyclic triterpenoids; Chuanxiong Rhizoma; Myricanone; Wallichilide; Sitosterol; Chloroquine; Amodiaquine; Streptozotocin; statins; atorvastatin; Allopurinol; febuxostat; Terminalia bellerica; saxagliptin; Adriamycin; baru almond oil; mineral oil; Epicatechin; 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid; 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; 3-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid; Sauchinone; Shenkang VII recipe; porcine collagen hydrolysate; prolyl-hydroxyproline; APX-115; sodium nitrite; isoquercetin; topiroxostat; siXDH; Ginkgo biloba extract; Streptozotocin | Details |
| S04 | anti-lipogenesis | Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-lipogenesis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-lipogenesis; Anti-fibrosis | AMPK | Liraglutide; Ginkgo biloba extract; Streptozotocin | Details |
| S05 | anti-oxidative stress | Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidative stress; Enhance lipid metabolism; Improve insulin resistance; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; anti-inflammatory; anti-oxidative stress; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-fibrosis; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-oxidative stress (Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) activates Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway by downregulating Keap1 and boosting nuclear Nrf2 level); Anti-hypertensive; Anti-oxidative stress; Improve insulin resistance; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-apoptosis; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidative stress; relieving oxidative stress; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-lipogenesis; Anti-fibrosis | TNF-α; NF-κB; MAPK; caspase-3; Bcl-2; DPP4; Nrf2; HO-1; p38 MAPK; JNK; SGLT2; mineralocorticoid receptor; MMP-9; AMPK; HIF; HIF; Smad2/3; Smad2/3; VEGFA; IL-6; MAPK; IL-1β; EGFR; Wnt/β-catenin; HO-1; NF-κB; NOX4; MAPK; NF-κB; STAT3; JAK2; NOX4; NF-κB; Nrf2; NF-κB; NOX4; SIRT1; AMPK; Nrf2; AMPK; NOX4; caspase-3; ERK; JNK; p38 MAPK; NLRP3; NLRP3; NF-κB; AMPK; AMPK; Bcl-2; Nrf2; Smad2/3; NOX4 | MRI-1867; JD5037; 1400W; Glatiramer acetate; Glatiramer; Berberine; GKT137831; febuxostat; topiroxostat; Oleuropein; Resveratrol; Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors; alogliptin; saxagliptin; sitagliptin; teneligliptin; phenolic-rich açaí seed extract; BML-111; ML385; empagliflozin; dapagliflozin; ramipril; hydro-chloro-thiazide; iN/i-acetylcysteine; aminoguanidine; metformin; l-cysteine; NOX5 siRNA; gentamicin; syringic acid; streptozotocin; tamarind seed coat ethanol extract; Finerenone; USC; probiotics; Lactobacillus; Bifidobacterium; Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors; SGLT2 inhibitors; Cyanidin-3-glucoside; N-acetylcysteine; quercetin; formononetin; calycosin; 7-O-methylisomucronulatol; quercetin; streptozotocin; Astragaloside IV; Akebia saponin D; Retinoic acid; Folic acid; N-acetyl-cysteine; Baicalin; β-Caryophyllene; Ergosterol; Streptozotocin; GKT137831; GKT13783; Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors; Plantamajoside; Capsicum annuum L.; dencichine; reactive oxygen species scavenger; Ang II receptor blockers; Epigallocatechin-3-gallate; type 1 angiotensin II receptor blockade; olmesartan; short-chain fatty acids; acetate; propionate; butyrate; GPR43 agonist; Tiliacora triandra extract; 5,7-dihydroxy-6-oxoheptadecanoic acid; canagliflozin; isoprenaline; streptozotocin; recombinant human clusterin protein; six novel poricoic acids from Poria cocos; poricoic acid ZM; poricoic acid ZP; secolanostane tetracyclic triterpenoids; Chloroquine; Amodiaquine; Streptozotocin; Allopurinol; febuxostat; Terminalia bellerica; Epicatechin; 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid; 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; 3-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid; Sauchinone; GLP-1; liraglutide; exendin-4; Cinacalcet; mitoquinone; ML385; sodium nitrite; isoquercetin; vitamin E; selenium; SIS3; Forskolin; topiroxostat; siXDH; Ginkgo biloba extract; Streptozotocin; puromycin aminonucleoside; amiloride | Details |
| S07 | antihypertensive | Anti-fibrosis; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-hypertensive; antihypertensive medications; multidrug combination antihypertensive treatment; empirical addition (or increase in the dose) of an antihypertensive agent of a different class""; Anti-hypertensive; Lifestyle measures; Anti-inflammatory; Improve insulin resistance; Enhance lipid metabolism; Regulating intestinal flora; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Immunotherapy; Anti-hypertensive; Immunosuppressive treatment; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-platelet aggregation; other antihypertensive drugs; antihypertensive therapy; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-hypertensive (standard antihypertensive treatment; intensive antihypertensive treatment); Blood pressure management; Anti-hypertensive; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-hypertensive; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-platelet aggregation; Improve insulin resistance; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-oxidative stress; antihypertensives; Lifestyle measures; Anti-hypertensive; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-hypertensive | ACE; Smad4; PKD1; angiotensin receptor; SGLT2; angiotensin II receptor; mineralocorticoid receptor; ACE | riociguat; sGC stimulators; sGC activators; antihypertensive medications; carvedilol; lercanidipine; enalapril; folic acid; retinoic acid; angiotensin II; antihypertensive drug; Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook F; valsartan; Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors; diuretics; calcium channel blocker; corticosteroid; anti-hypertensive treatment; NSAIDs; naproxen; celecoxib; proton pump inhibitor; non-selective NSAID; selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor; renin-angiotensin system blockers; antihypertensive agent; cilnidipine; valsartan; RAAS-is; steroids; immunosuppressors; amiloride; hydrochlorothiazide; berberine; Aliskiren; calcium channel blocker; angiotensin II receptor blocker; ARB; Chlorthalidone; Hydrochlorothiazide; Hsub2/subS; NO; Hsub2/subSxa0; xa0; NO; prednisolone; mizoribine; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ACEI; eculizumab; antihypertensive agents; antithrombotics; antianemics; proton pump inhibitors; allopurinol; rilmenidine; long-term benzodiazepines; anticholinergic drugs; hydroxyzine; Qian Yang Yu Yin Granule; RAAS blockers; other antihypertensive drugs; antihypertensives; antihypertensive classes; antihypertensive therapy; melatonin; RAASi; Aliskiren; ARBs; ACEIs; tegafur/gimeracil/oteracil; furosemide; prednisolone; angiotensin receptor blockers; valsartan; antihypertensive drugs; fosinopril; valsartan; Canagliflozin; sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors; Aspirin; Antihypertensive; Lipid-Lowering Treatment; Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors; angiotensin II receptor blocker; Spironolactone; KBP-5074; captopril; enalaprilate; lisinopril; losartan; valsartan; furosemide; pravastatin; simvastatin; Renin Angiotensin System inhibitors; ACE inhibitors; diuretics; β-blockers; Thiazide diuretics; dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; angiotensin receptor blockers; calcium-channel blockers; thiazide-like diuretics; lisinopril; Edarbyclor; azilsartan medoxomil; chlorthalidone; hydrochlorothiazide; aliskiren; ARB; enalapril; non-steroidalanti-inflammatory drugs; antihypertensive treatment; Chlorthalidone; loop diuretics; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; angiotensin receptor blocker; statin; captopril; tiopronin; active form of dalcetrapib; active metabolite of prasugrel, R-138727; Liuwei Dihuang pills; metformin hydrochloride sustained-release tablets; irbesartan tablets; renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor; type 1 angiotensin II receptor blockade; olmesartan; steroid; immunosuppressive agents; enalapril; corticosteroid treatment; Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors; antihypertensives; GLP-1 receptor analogue; SGLT2-inhibitor; sacubitril/valsartan; valsartan; Sulodexide; liraglutide; enalapril; ACE-I/ARBs; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blockers; labetalol; ACEi; ARB; ARBs | Details |
| S09 | cell therapy | high-dose melphalan/autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation; Cell therapy; Cell therapy; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Cell therapy; Anti-fibrosis | B cells; IL-6; IL-1β; TNF-α; TGF-β; EGF; SIRT1 | chemotherapy; high-dose melphalan; melatonin; granulocyte-colony stimulating factor; metformin; Mesenchymal stem cells; Human gingiva derived MSCs; Streptozotocin; streptozotocin; C-peptide; SIRT1 activators | Details |
| S12 | enhance lipid metabolism | Enhance lipid metabolism; Improve insulin resistance; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-fibrosis; Enhance lipid metabolism; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Enhance lipid metabolism; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-inflammatory; Improve insulin resistance; Enhance lipid metabolism; Regulating intestinal flora; Anti-hypertensive; Improve insulin resistance; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-inflammatory; Improve insulin resistance; Enhance lipid metabolism; Regulating intestinal flora; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-platelet aggregation; Enhance lipid metabolism; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-lipogenesis; Anti-fibrosis; Enhance lipid metabolism; Improve insulin resistance; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Enhance lipid metabolism; Regulating intestinal flora; Improve insulin resistance; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-inflammatory; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-hypertensive; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-apoptosis; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-hypertensive; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-platelet aggregation; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-platelet aggregation; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-oxidative stress | PPAR; FXR; AMPK; PPAR; Smad2/3; Smad4; PCSK9; AMPK; ACE; SGLT2; HIF; SIRT1 | Berberine; miR-9-5p; obeticholic acid (OCA; 6-ethyl chenodeoxycholic acid); tropifexor; nidufexor; Pemafibrate; conventional fibrates; Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F; berberine; Tectorigenin; Rehmannia glutinosa leaves total glycoside; evolocumab; statin products; icodextrin dialysate; insulin; dual antiplatelet therapy; statins; beta-blockers; Liraglutide; ACE inhibitors; ATsub1/sub receptor antagonists; N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline; glycolysis inhibitors; prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitor S17092; imidapril; TA-606; dapagliflozin; streptozocin; fenofibrate; inulin; Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors; captopril; enalaprilate; lisinopril; losartan; valsartan; furosemide; pravastatin; simvastatin; fenofibrate; miRNA antagomiR; captopril; tiopronin; active form of dalcetrapib; active metabolite of prasugrel, R-138727; statins; topiroxostat; siXDH | Details |
| S14 | immunotherapy | immunosuppressants; immunosuppressive medications; immunosuppression; Immunotherapy; immunosuppressive treatments; Immunosuppressive therapy; immune-suppressive medications; Anti-inflammatory; Immunotherapy; Standard CNI-based mammalian target of rapamycin-free immunosuppression; Immunosuppression; steroid-sparing immunosuppressive protocols; Immunoadsorption; immunosuppressive therapy; Anti-inflammatory; Immunosuppressive; Immunosuppressive treatment; Immunoregulation; Immunosuppressive therapy with cyclophosphamide (CTX); Anti-inflammatory; Immunotherapy; Anti-hypertensive; Immunosuppressive treatment; Anti-hypertensive; Immunization with PTX3 to incite anti-PTX3 antibodies; immunosuppressive drugs; Immunotherapy (predizone; immunosuppressive therapies; Enhanced immunosuppressive treatment; Immunosuppressant therapy; checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) immunotherapy plus conventional chemotherapy; [Immunotherapy; targeting the mucosal immune system dysregulation underlying IgAN pathogenesis with a pH-modified formulation of budesonide; immunosuppression (primarily glucocorticoids); immunosuppressors; systemic immunosuppressant; Immunotherapy (rituximab); Intravenous immunoglobulins; Immunotherapy; Anti-inflammatory; other immunosuppressives; Immunotherapy; Genetic therapy; 'classical' immunosuppressive drugs; Immunotherapy (anti-PD1 antibodies: nivolumab or pembrolizumab); corticosteroids plus immunosuppressant; immunosuppressive agents; immunosuppressive regimen; immunosuppressive drugs; immunosuppressive therapy; Immunosuppressive intervention | angiotensin receptor; IL-2; calcineurin; CD20; FGF23; C5; PLA2R; CD20; JNK; ERK; MAPK; NLRP3; PLA2R; IL-6; B cells; IL-17; PD-1; Smad2/3; p38 MAPK; C3 | ACE-Is; ARBs; steroids; immunosuppressants; immunosuppressive medications; steroids; immunosuppression; ustekinumab; immunosuppressant; immunosuppressive treatments; corticosteroids; immune-suppressive medications; immunosuppressive medications; rituximab; RTX; IL-2; prednisolone; methotrexate; eldecalcitol; teriparatide; denosumab; calcineurin inhibitors; Sirolimus; ofatumumab; rituximab; calcineurin inhibitors; antiproliferative agents; prednisone; IVIg; SCIg; 5-aminosalicylates; azathioprine; methotrexate; Triptolide; immunosuppressants; corticosteroids; glucocorticoid; vitamin D supplementation; active vitamin D; oral phosphate; magnesium supplementation; recombinant human growth hormone; alemtuzumab; Recombinant thrombomodulin; Yi-Qi-Qing-Jie formula; prednisolone; cyclophosphamide; rituximab; steroids; mycophenolate mofetil; tacrolimus; basiliximab; antithymocyte globulins; valganciclovir; renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers; Eculizumab; immunosuppressive therapy; Rituximab; steroids; cyclosporine; ofatumumab; rituximab; monoclonal antibodies; humanized anti-CD20 therapies; ofatumumab; methylprednisolone; cyclophosphamide; tripterygium wilfordii multiglycosides; prednisone; Belimumab; Benlysta; steroids; corticosteroids; immunosuppressive medication; methylprednisolone; prednisolone; mycophenolate mofetil; cyclosporine A; cyclophosphamide; rituximab; azathioprine; tacrolimus; Tris dipalladium; Tris DBA; Denosumab; cyclophosphamide; Tacrolimus; glucocorticoid; Ustekinumab; infliximab; steroid; prednisolone; mizoribine; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; steroids; cyclophosphamide; ACEI; eculizumab; steroid; steroids; immunosuppressants; PF-06730512; intravenous immunoglobulins; glucocorticoids; cyclophosphamide; azathioprine; Iguratimod; prednisone; denosumab; human recombinant PTX3; Rituximab; steroids; calcineurin inhibitors; ofatumumab; immunosuppressive drugs; prednizone; cyclosporine A; enoxaparine; Tocilizumab; Lenalidomide; anthracycline; prednisolone; prednisolone; mycophenolate mofetil; cyclophosphamide; Mycophenolic acid; MPA; enhanced immunosuppressive treatment; corticosteroids; cyclophosphamide; RAAS blockers; immunosuppression; herbal medication; herbal supplement; IV cyclophosphamide; steroids; cyclosporine; sirolimus; steroid; immunosuppressants; corticosteroids; cyclophosphamide; tofacitinib; FTY720; SEW2871; TY52156; renin angiotensin system inhibitors; corticosteroids; immunosuppressant; Checkpoint inhibitor; conventional chemotherapy; corticosteroids; anti-IL-12/23 p40 antibody; abatacept; budesonide; corticosteroid; rituximab (RTX; anti-CD20); belimumab (BLM; anti-BAFF); prednisolone; rituximab; cyclophosphamide; mycophenolate mofetil; glucocorticoids; immune checkpoint inhibitors; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin-receptor blockers; diuretics; corticosteroids; rituximab; immunosuppressive treatment; methylprednisolone; intravenous immunoglobulin; corticosteroids; immunosuppressors; systemic immunosuppressant; rituximab; steroids; tacrolimus; cyclosporine; cyclophosphamide; mycophenolate mofetil; Intravenous immunoglobulins; Rituximab; glucocorticoid; cyclophosphamide; immunosuppressants; certolizumab pegol; methotrexate; infliximab; rituximab; corticosteroids; cyclophosphamide; cyclophosphamide; cyclo; rituximab; belimumab; cyclophosphamide; glucocorticoids; steroid; pulse methylprednisolone; cyclophosphamide; cyclosporine; mycophenolate mofetil; rituximab; abatacept; Campath; IV steroid; IV antibiotics; clindamycin; corticosteroids; mycophenolate mofetil; other immunosuppressives; ecluzimab; Infliximab; corticosteroids; secukinumab; prednisolone; methylprednisolone; Cyclophosphamide; miR-10a-3p agomir; miR-10a-3p antagomir; REG3A low expression vector; rituximab; corticosteroids; ""'classical' immunosuppressive drugs; Janus kinase inhibitors""; antiviral medications; corticosteroid; cyclophosphamide; mycophenolate mofetil; nivolumab; pembrolizumab; renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors; proton-pump inhibitors; corticosteroids; corticosteroids; immunosuppressant; tacrolimus; mycophenolate mofetil; tocilizumab; high dose corticosteroids; glucocorticoids; immunosuppressants; cyclosporine; rituximab; intravenous immunoglobulins; IVIg; methylprednisolone; cyclophosphamide; glucocorticoids; cyclophosphamides; steroids; immunosuppressive drugs; immunosuppressive; rituximab; nivolumab; daratumumab; bortezomib; melphalan; prednisone; thalidomide | Details |
| S15 | improve insulin resistance | Enhance lipid metabolism; Improve insulin resistance; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Improve insulin resistance; Enhance lipid metabolism; Regulating intestinal flora; Anti-hypertensive; Improve insulin resistance; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-inflammatory; Improve insulin resistance; Enhance lipid metabolism; Regulating intestinal flora; Anti-fibrosis; Anti-inflammatory; Improve insulin resistance; Anti-fibrosis; Enhance lipid metabolism; Improve insulin resistance; Regulating intestinal flora; Improve insulin resistance; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-inflammatory; Improve insulin resistance; Anti-hypertensive; Improve insulin resistance; Anti-oxidative stress; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-fibrosis | AMPK; PPAR; Smad2/3; Smad4; ACE | Berberine; berberine; Tectorigenin; Rehmannia glutinosa leaves total glycoside; parthenolide; insulin; ACE inhibitors; ATsub1/sub receptor antagonists; N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline; glycolysis inhibitors; prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitor S17092; imidapril; TA-606; inulin; Liuwei Dihuang pills; metformin hydrochloride sustained-release tablets; irbesartan tablets; short-chain fatty acids; acetate; propionate; butyrate; GPR43 agonist | Details |
| S16 | lifestyle measures | Lifestyle measures; adequate dietary or supplemental vitamin D and calcium intake; avoid tobacco, consume alcohol in moderation at most, and engage in regular exercise and fall prevention strategies; Dietary supplementation with grains containing high β-glucan fiber; metabolic bariatric surgery; intensive lifestyle intervention; A low-glycemic, low-phosphate dietary intervention; Anti-hypertensive; Lifestyle measures; Dietary counseling; Adequate dietary or supplemental vitamin D and calcium intake; Avoid tobacco, consume alcohol in moderation at most, and engage in regular exercise and fall prevention strategies; dietary flavonoid supplementation; lifestyle modifications including exercise and an energy-restricted diet; Anti-inflammatory; Lifestyle measures; lifestyle interventions; Lifestyle measures; Anti-hypertensive; Hemodialysis; diet modifications; intensive dietary modifications | Klotho; SGLT2 | trelagliptin; trelagliptin; bisphosphonates; alendronate; risedronate; zoledronic acid; denosumab; anabolic agents; vitamin D; calcium; oat β-glucan; metformin; rosiglitazone; insulin; insulin therapy; amiloride; hydrochlorothiazide; Tolvaptan; agrochemicals; alendronate; risedronate; zoledronic acid; denosumab; anabolic agents; vitamin D; dietary flavonoid supplementation; metformin; linagliptin; fixed-dose combination of linagliptin/metformin; Kangen-karyu extract; phosphate binders; vitamin D; calcimimetics; allopurinol; testosterone gel; sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors; glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; Sulodexide; uric acid lowering drugs; calcium salts; calcium; vitamin D; antiresorptive; anabolic agent | Details |
| S18 | regulating intestinal flora | Anti-inflammatory; Improve insulin resistance; Enhance lipid metabolism; Regulating intestinal flora; Anti-hypertensive; Improve insulin resistance; Enhance lipid metabolism; Regulating intestinal flora; Anti-fibrosis; gut microbiota modulation; innovative absorption-based approach; gut microbiota reprogramming; Regulating intestinal flora; Improve insulin resistance; Enhance lipid metabolism; Anti-inflammatory; Regulating intestinal flora; Modulation of IS production in the gut microbiota | Smad2/3; Smad4 | berberine; Rehmannia glutinosa leaves total glycoside; synbiotic; broad-spectrum oral antibiotics; sodium acetate; GPR43 siRNA; inulin; choline analogues; histidine-based scaffold; isoquercitrin | Details |
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