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Research Article Details

Article ID: A00205
PMID: 39903475
Source: Ann Med
Title: An overview of downhill esophageal varices: a challenge for medical practice.
Abstract: Unlike the commonly seen uphill esophageal varices in clinical practice, downhill esophageal varices are caused by obstruction of the superior vena cava and azygous venous system. The predominant causes of downhill esophageal varices are hemodialysis in end-stage renal disease patients and mediastinal malignancies. The cornerstone of the treatment for downhill esophageal varices is to address the underlying primary causes. Without this, patients may suffer from recurrent bleeding, and the bleeding can be fatal. This review is primarily summarized through previous case reports. Meanwhile, it emphasizes the significance of case reports. Clinicians should be conscious that esophageal varices are not necessarily caused by liver cirrhosis or non-cirrhotic portal hypertension. Specifically, when varices are only observed in the upper and middle esophagus, and the patient presents with evidence of superior vena cava obstruction, clinicians should be particularly vigilant for downhill esophageal varices. Moreover, a thorough investigation and definitive treatment of the underlying primary causes should be implemented.
DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2025.2462452

Strategy ID Therapy Strategy Synonyms Therapy Targets Therapy Drugs

Target ID Target Name GENE Action Class UniProtKB ID Entry Name
T03 Angiotensin-converting enzyme ACE INHIBITOR Target is a single protein chain P12821 ACE_HUMAN Details

Diseases ID DO ID Disease Name Definition Class
I02 1184 nephrotic syndrome "A nephrosis characterized by marked increase in glomerular protein permeability resulting in marked elevation of urine protein levels, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and hypercoagulability." [url:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrotic_syndrome, url:https\://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/nephrotic-syndrome-adults] Details

Drug ID Drug Name Type DrugBank ID Targets Category Latest Progress
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D015 Serine small molecule DB00133 Details
D016 Methionine small molecule DB00134 Details
D017 Tyrosine small molecule DB00135 Details
D018 Calcitriol small molecule DB00136 Details
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D026 Creatine small molecule DB00148 Details
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D187 Verapamil small molecule DB00661 Details
D188 Epinephrine small molecule DB00668 Details
D189 Pirenzepine small molecule DB00670 Details
D190 Cefixime small molecule DB00671 Details
D191 Chlorpropamide small molecule DB00672 Details
D192 Losartan small molecule DB00678 Details
D193 Thioridazine small molecule DB00679 Details
D194 Warfarin small molecule DB00682 Details
D195 Midazolam small molecule DB00683 Details
D196 Tobramycin small molecule DB00684 Details
D197 Fludrocortisone small molecule DB00687 Details
D198 Phentolamine small molecule DB00692 Details
D199 Furosemide small molecule DB00695 Details
D200 Eplerenone small molecule DB00700 Details
D201 Amprenavir small molecule DB00701 Details
D202 Naltrexone small molecule DB00704 Details
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D204 Lamivudine small molecule DB00709 Details
D205 Ibandronate small molecule DB00710 Details
D206 Flurbiprofen small molecule DB00712 Details
D207 Oxacillin small molecule DB00713 Details
D208 Paroxetine small molecule DB00715 Details
D209 Lisinopril small molecule DB00722 Details
D210 Nitroglycerin small molecule DB00727 Details
D211 Rocuronium small molecule DB00728 Details
D212 Risperidone small molecule DB00734 Details
D213 Esomeprazole small molecule DB00736 Details
D214 Pentamidine small molecule DB00738 Details
D215 Hydrocortisone small molecule DB00741 Details
D216 Mannitol small molecule DB00742 Details
D217 Deferoxamine small molecule DB00746 Details
D218 Prilocaine small molecule DB00750 Details
D219 Isoflurane small molecule DB00753 Details
D220 Clopidogrel small molecule DB00758 Details
D221 Methimazole small molecule DB00763 Details
D222 Clavulanic acid small molecule DB00766 Details
D223 Alprostadil small molecule DB00770 Details
D224 Mefenamic acid small molecule DB00784 Details
D225 Perindopril small molecule DB00790 Details
D226 Alfentanil small molecule DB00802 Details
D227 Pentoxifylline small molecule DB00806 Details
D228 Indapamide small molecule DB00808 Details
D229 Tropicamide small molecule DB00809 Details
D230 Ribavirin small molecule DB00811 Details
D231 Fentanyl small molecule DB00813 Details
D232 Propofol small molecule DB00818 Details
D233 Acetazolamide small molecule DB00819 Details
D234 Tadalafil small molecule DB00820 Details
D235 Fosfomycin small molecule DB00828 Details
D236 Diazepam small molecule DB00829 Details
D237 Trifluoperazine small molecule DB00831 Details
D238 Mifepristone small molecule DB00834 Details
D239 Tolazamide small molecule DB00839 Details
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D241 Donepezil small molecule DB00843 Details
D242 Nalbuphine small molecule DB00844 Details
D243 Levamisole small molecule DB00848 Details
D244 Perphenazine small molecule DB00850 Details
D245 Pseudoephedrine small molecule DB00852 Details
D246 Aminolevulinic acid small molecule DB00855 Details
D247 Terbinafine small molecule DB00857 Details
D248 Prednisolone small molecule DB00860 Details
D249 Diflunisal small molecule DB00861 Details
D250 Terbutaline small molecule DB00871 Details
D251 Guaifenesin small molecule DB00874 Details
D252 Eprosartan small molecule DB00876 Details
D253 Sirolimus small molecule DB00877 Details
D254 Emtricitabine small molecule DB00879 Details
D255 Quinapril small molecule DB00881 Details
D256 Isosorbide dinitrate small molecule DB00883 Details
D257 Mechlorethamine small molecule DB00888 Details
D258 Ethanol small molecule DB00898 Details
D259 Remifentanil small molecule DB00899 Details
D260 Ondansetron small molecule DB00904 Details
D261 Cocaine small molecule DB00907 Details
D262 Repaglinide small molecule DB00912 Details
D263 Phenformin small molecule DB00914 Details
D264 Amantadine small molecule DB00915 Details
D265 Metronidazole small molecule DB00916 Details
D266 Dinoprostone small molecule DB00917 Details
D267 Buprenorphine small molecule DB00921 Details
D268 Azacitidine small molecule DB00928 Details
D269 Misoprostol small molecule DB00929 Details
D270 Mesoridazine small molecule DB00933 Details
D271 Oxymetazoline small molecule DB00935 Details
D272 Salicylic acid small molecule DB00936 Details
D273 Acetylsalicylic acid small molecule DB00945 Details
D274 Phenprocoumon small molecule DB00946 Details
D275 Fexofenadine small molecule DB00950 Details
D276 Isoniazid small molecule DB00951 Details
D277 Norgestimate small molecule DB00957 Details
D278 Methylprednisolone small molecule DB00959 Details
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D281 Bromfenac small molecule DB00963 Details
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D283 Methyldopa small molecule DB00968 Details
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D285 Edetic acid small molecule DB00974 Details
D286 Dipyridamole small molecule DB00975 Details
D287 Ethinylestradiol small molecule DB00977 Details
D288 Physostigmine small molecule DB00981 Details
D289 Isotretinoin small molecule DB00982 Details
D290 Nandrolone phenpropionate small molecule DB00984 Details
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D292 Dopamine small molecule DB00988 Details
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D294 Gabapentin small molecule DB00996 Details
D295 Frovatriptan small molecule DB00998 Details
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D300 Letrozole small molecule DB01006 Details
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D302 Cinacalcet small molecule DB01012 Details
D303 Sulfamethoxazole small molecule DB01015 Details
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D305 Phylloquinone small molecule DB01022 Details
D306 Felodipine small molecule DB01023 Details
D307 Mycophenolic acid small molecule DB01024 Details
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D310 Probenecid small molecule DB01032 Details
D311 Fenofibrate small molecule DB01039 Details
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D317 Glipizide small molecule DB01067 Details
D318 Promethazine small molecule DB01069 Details
D319 Diphenhydramine small molecule DB01075 Details
D320 Atorvastatin small molecule DB01076 Details
D321 Vigabatrin small molecule DB01080 Details
D322 Streptomycin small molecule DB01082 Details
D323 Orlistat small molecule DB01083 Details
D324 Pilocarpine small molecule DB01085 Details
D325 Benzocaine small molecule DB01086 Details
D326 Dimethyl sulfoxide small molecule DB01093 Details
D327 Pimozide small molecule DB01100 Details
D328 Sertraline small molecule DB01104 Details
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D353 Zopiclone small molecule DB01198 Details
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D359 Budesonide small molecule DB01222 Details
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D468 Parecoxib small molecule DB08439 Details
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D476 Linaclotide small molecule DB08890 Details
D477 Tofacitinib small molecule DB08895 Details
D478 Dimethyl fumarate small molecule DB08908 Details
D479 Sofosbuvir small molecule DB08934 Details
D480 Dexetimide small molecule DB08997 Details
D481 Bisacodyl small molecule DB09020 Details
D482 Aliskiren small molecule DB09026 Details
D483 Ledipasvir small molecule DB09027 Details
D484 Acipimox small molecule DB09055 Details
D485 Ciprofibrate small molecule DB09064 Details
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D487 Benzoyl peroxide small molecule DB09096 Details
D488 Coenzyme M small molecule DB09110 Details
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D490 Manidipine small molecule DB09238 Details
D491 Methylene blue small molecule DB09241 Details
D492 Moxonidine small molecule DB09242 Details
D493 Ubidecarenone small molecule DB09270 Details
D494 Silibinin small molecule DB09298 Details
D495 Glycerin small molecule DB09462 Details
D496 Methyl salicylate small molecule DB09543 Details
D497 Ixazomib small molecule DB09570 Details
D498 Hydrogen peroxide small molecule DB11091 Details
D499 Lycopene small molecule DB11231 Details
D500 Medetomidine small molecule DB11428 Details
D501 Lesinurad small molecule DB11560 Details
D502 Carbon monoxide small molecule DB11588 Details
D503 Curcumin small molecule DB11672 Details
D504 Pyridoxamine small molecule DB11673 Details
D505 Equol small molecule DB11674 Details
D506 Mosapride small molecule DB11675 Details
D507 Ebastine small molecule DB11742 Details
D508 Rifamycin small molecule DB11753 Details
D509 Imidapril small molecule DB11783 Details
D510 Angiotensin II small molecule DB11842 Details
D511 Verinurad small molecule DB11873 Details
D512 2,4-thiazolidinedione small molecule DB11898 Details
D513 Zuretinol acetate small molecule DB12112 Details
D514 Bradykinin small molecule DB12126 Details
D515 Sarpogrelate small molecule DB12163 Details
D516 Secoisolariciresinol small molecule DB12179 Details
D517 Bexagliflozin small molecule DB12236 Details
D518 Benzbromarone small molecule DB12319 Details
D519 Nitroaspirin small molecule DB12445 Details
D520 Piperine small molecule DB12582 Details
D521 Isoquercetin small molecule DB12665 Details
D522 Cicletanine small molecule DB12766 Details
D523 Gallopamil small molecule DB12923 Details
D524 Lactitol small molecule DB12942 Details
D525 Daidzein small molecule DB13182 Details
D526 Camostat small molecule DB13729 Details
D527 Fenofibric acid small molecule DB13873 Details
D528 Candesartan small molecule DB13919 Details
D529 Testosterone enanthate small molecule DB13944 Details
D530 Ferric cation small molecule DB13949 Details
D531 Palmidrol small molecule DB14043 Details
D532 Cianidanol small molecule DB14086 Details
D533 Tenofovir small molecule DB14126 Details
D534 Cinnamaldehyde small molecule DB14184 Details
D535 Cobaltous cation small molecule DB14205 Details
D536 Chromic cation small molecule DB14525 Details
D537 Zinc cation small molecule DB14532 Details
D538 Cupric cation small molecule DB14552 Details
D539 Bismuth cation small molecule DB14572 Details
D540 Calcium cation small molecule DB14577 Details
D541 Cortisone small molecule DB14681 Details
D542 Dabigatran small molecule DB14726 Details
D543 Remdesivir small molecule DB14761 Details
D544 Venglustat small molecule DB14966 Details
D545 Abrocitinib small molecule DB14973 Details
D546 Ursolic acid small molecule DB15588 Details